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India is a vast country having diversified geological, climatological and topographical set-up giving rise to divergent groundwater situation.
The high relief areas of northern and north eastern regions occupied by Himalyan ranges, the hilly tracts of Rajasthan and Peninsular regions with steep topographic slope and characteristic geological set-up, offer high run-off and little scope for rain water infiltration. groundwater potential in these areas are limited to 'Intermountain Valleys'.
The large alluvial tract in Ganga-Brahmputra plains extending over 2000 km has extensively thick and hydraulically interconnected, moderate to high yielding aquifers. To the north of this tract all along the Himalyan foot hills and 'terai' belt down slope occur the linear belt with characteristics 'auto-flowing' conditions.
Entire peninsular India is occupied by hard rock formation with rugged topography and fissured nature of rocks. They give rise to discontinuous aquifers with limited to moderate yield potentials. In these areas the aquifer formations are limited to near-surface weathered mantle, abandoned river channels,
Coastal and
deltaic tracts in the country form narrow linear strip around the peninsula. The
eastern coastal, deltaic tracts and estuarial areas of Gujarat are receptacles
of thick alluvial sediments. Though highly productive aquifers occur in these
tracts, Salinity hazard impose quality constraints for groundwater development.
In this terrain, groundwater abstraction requires to be regulated so as not to
exceed annual recharge and also not to disturb hydro-chemical balance leading
to sea water ingress.
| S.No. |
Area |
Industrial Activities |
Ground Water Quality Problem* |
| 1. |
Dhanbad (Bihar) |
Fertilizers, Chemicals, Coke plants, Cement explosive factory and Ancillary units |
Low pH, whereas NO3, Al, Ca, TDS, TH ,Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu ,Hg & Cd, and also Pesticides exceeded standards |
|
2. |
Digboi (Assam) |
Oil Refinery |
Fe and Mn exceeded standards |
|
3. |
Durgapur (West Bengal) |
Coal fields, Power and Chemical units |
Heavy metals except Cu exceeded standards . Hg was also reported as high as 9.5 mg/l. Phenolic compounds & CN were in traces. Total pesticides levels have exceeded standards |
|
4 |
Howrah (West Bengal) |
Foundries, Electroplating & other mechanical manufacturing units |
Heavy metals viz. Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe & Mn were very high. EC, TH, Cl, TDS were some time very high Pesticides were also on high side CN & Phenolic compounds in traces. |
|
5. |
Bolaram-Patancheru (AP) |
Pesticide, Pharmaceuticals |
Phosphates, Hg, As, Cd, Fe, Mn & Pb TDS, TH, Ca exceeded standards, Pesticides were also found to be present. |
|
6. |
Greater Cochin (Kerala) |
Fertilizer, Pesticides, Chemicals, Chlor –alkali |
Predominantly acidic. The presence of coliform of faecal origin was high. |
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7. | North Arcot (TN) |
Tanneries, dying units |
Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe & Mn, total coliform exceeded standards at several locations. |
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8. | Bhadravathi (Karnataka) |
Steel, Paper Mills |
Zn, Fe & Mn , Pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Lindane & DDT Pathogenic organisms reported to be high. |
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9. |
Ratlam-Nagda (MP) |
Distillery , Dye (intermediates) Pharmaceutical (intermediates) |
Colour, TDS, TH, Hg, Pb were on higher side , considerable amounts of Pesticides were also reported. Fecal Coliform were also present particularly at Nagda |
|
10. | Vapi (Gujarat) |
Dyes, Pesticides, Paper & Pulp mills, organic & inorganic chemicals | Phenolic compounds, Cyanide & heavy metals were present within limit as per drinking standards. |
|
11. | Chembur (Maharashtra) |
Petroleum, Refineries, Fertilizer & Petrochemical, Thermal Power Plant. | TDS, Alkativity, TH were higher, Heavy metals, Pesticides, phenolic compounds were present in concentrations, but not very significant. Coliform were on higher side. |
| 12. |
Korba (MP) |
Thermal Power Plants, Ancillary Units, Alluminium industries, Mining |
The presence of Cd, Fe, Cr & Cu has exceeded standards , Pesticides were also present. Coliform , F, TDS, CN, B & phenolic compounds also exceeded the standards. |
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13. | Singrauli (UP) | Thermal Power Plants, Alluminium Plant, Organic chemicals industries, Carbon Black plant, Caustic soda & pesticides. |
Fe, Cr & Cu were present in predominance, Presence of high Aldrine, Dieldrin & Lindane levels were also observed. Beside this F, Ca, Mg, B, Coliform, Phenols exceeded standards . |
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14. | Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab) |
Wooden, Chemicals, Electroplating units and other Steel metals units. |
Pb, Cu, Cd exceeded standards , Phenolic compounds & Cyanide was also present on higher side. |
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15. |
Parwanoo (HP) |
Ancillary , general industries, Fruit proceeding plant, pesticides. |
Presence of Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn were observed on higher side. Traces of pesticides were also present. Phenolic exceeded standards . |
| 16. |
Kala-Amb (HP) |
Paper Mills |
Phenolic compounds exceeded standards; Heavy metals like Cd, Pb & Mn and also pesticides are above limits |
| 17. |
Pali (Rajasthan) |
Textile, dyes |
Colour, Lead, Zinc Fluoride TDS, Cl, Sn were in concentrates exceeding standards. |
|
18. |
Jodhpur(Rajasthan) |
Textile, Steel, Engineering foundry, Chemicals, minerals dye plastic, oil, pulses and rubber. |
Colour, Heavy metals such as Fe, Cr, Mn NO3 Na, TDS exceeded standards |
|
19. | Drain Basin Area, Najafgarh (Delhi) |
Insecticides, Caustic Soda, Vanaspati, Electroplating etc. |
EC, TDS Coliform, F, NO3, Fe & Cr both exceeded the drinking water standards. |
|
20. |
Angul- Talcher (Orissa) |
Thermal Power station, Fertilizers, chemicals, Mining activities & aluminum | Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb , F and NO3 were found in concentrates level exceeding standards |
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21. | Manali ( TN) | Thermal Power Station, Fertilizer, Petroleum Refining |
High microbial contamination have been reported, Nitrates, Fluoride have exceeded standards |
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22. |
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) |
Zinc Smelting, Fertilizer, Petroleum Refining |
Heavy Metal, Fluoride and Nitrates exceeded standards |
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