Bird Sanctuaries

Bio monitoring of water quality was initiated at wetlands/water bodies used for propagation of wildlife and fisheries as one of the important designated best use of the aquatic resources. The wetlands existing in wildlife habitats of most of the Bird sanctuaries demand water quality suitable for highly productive and rich bio-diversity of fauna and flora. In view of protection of rare and endangered/threatened species of migratory and resident birds, the bio-monitoring of water quality was initiated at 42 nos. of wetlands identified in 26 nos. of bird sanctuaries existing in the state of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu & Kashmir. Wetlands in Bird Sanctuaries include various surface water bodies such as Rivers, Canals, Lakes, Barrages, Drains, Marshes, Beels, Estuaries and Mangroves.

The taxonomic composition of wetlands varied with respect to hydrological conditions of water bodies such as Rivers, Lakes and Ponds. Most of the wetlands identified in Bird Sanctuaries belonged to the Biological Water Quality Class of `C' and `D'. Classes. `A' water quality of clean stretches existed either in the upstream river stretches of wetlands or in very deep-water bodies (Table 14). These stretches are not suitable for bird sanctuaries due to non-availability of sufficient fauna and flora. A total of 15 nos. of families of benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from 3 wetlands of Class `A' quality.

None of the wetlands existed in `B' class of water quality of BWQC as a result of habitat destruction due to various human activities such as bathing etc.

A maximum of 27 nos. of wetlands supported biodiversity suitable for `C' class of water quality (Table 17). Maximum of 43 nos. of benthic macro-invertebrate families (Table 17) have been collected from wetlands of moderately polluted water quality (Class `C'). There were only 9 nos. of wetlands having water quality with heavy pollution of water quality class `D'. A total of 27 nos. of families of benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from these wetlands (Table 18). The water quality of 4 nos. of wetlands belonged to class `E' of BWQC either due to severe pollution or due to sandy substratum (Table 19).

Table 15: Clean Water (Class `A') Stretches of Wetlands existing in Bird Sanctuaries

Table 16: Slightly Polluted (Class `B') Stretches of Wetlands in Bird Sanctuaries

Table 17: Moderately Polluted (Class C) Stretches of Wetland existing in Bird sanctuaries

S. No.	State	Wetland	District/ Town Village	Location of Stretch/ Bird sanctuary	Taxa/families of Benthic Macro-invertebrates available from wetlands
1.	Rajasthan	Ghana Canal	Bharatpur	Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary	EPHEMEROPTERA/ Ephemerellidae, Baetidae ODONATA/ Lestidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae, Aeschnidae MOLLUSCA/ Thiaridae, Lymnaeidae, Viviparidae, Physidae, Unionidae, Planorbidae, Bithynidae, Sphaeriidae, Hydrobiidae CRUSTACEA/ Asellidae, Atydae, Gammaridae, Paleamonidae, Potamobiidae (Hermit Crab) HEMIPTERA/ Gerridae, Naucoridae, Nepidae Belastomatidae, Pleidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Aphelocheiridae, Velida
		Ghana lake		Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary K&L Block
2.	Andhra Pradesh	River Godavari Upstream	Rajahmundry East Godavari District	Dowaileswaram
3.	Andhra Pradesh	River Corangi at Low tide	Ramanapalam East Godavari District	Corangi Wild Life sanctuary
4.	Yanam (Pondicherry)	River Gaderu in Coringa Wild life Sanctuary	Savitri Nagar	Wooden Bridge Coringa Wild Life Sanctuary
5.	Andhra Pradesh	Manjira Barrage	Sangareddy, Hyderabad	Manjira Wild Life Sanctuary
6.	Andhra Pradesh	Godavari Canal	Chettipeta West Godavari Dist.	Downstream of Hydel Power Plant, U/s of Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
7.	Andhra Pradesh	Upputeru outlet Drain of Kolleru lake	Akiveedu at Vijaywada	Near Road Bridge Kolleru Bird Sanctuary	COLEOPTERA/ Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Hygrobiidae, Elminthidae DIPTERA/ Chironomidae, Tipulidae, Syrphidae, Simulidae PLANARIA/ Planaride HIRUDINEA/ Glossiphonidae, Erpobdellidea MEGALOPTERA/Sialidae OLIGOCHAETA/ Oligochaetes
8.	Andhra Pradesh	Polaraju Drain of Kolleru lake	Lokumudy West Godvari District	Near Road Bridge, Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
9.	Andhra Pradesh	Chinaedlagadi Drain	Kowadalanka Area, West Godavari Dist	Eluru-Kaikaluru Road, Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
10.	NCT Delhi	Najafgarh Drain	Dhansa	Dhansa Regulator, Najafgarh Jheel
	Delhi-Gurgaon Border		Jhatikra	Near Road Bridge, Najafgarh Jheel
	Delhi		Chhawla	Chhawla, Guest House of Irrigation and flood control Department, Najafgarh Drain
	Delhi		Goela Khurd	Goela Dairy Police check post, Najafgarh Drain
11.	Uttar Pradesh	River Yamuna	Delhi	Wazirabad water works
				Wazirabad Barrage opposite bank at Sonia Vihar
				Okhla Barrage Pakshi Vihar
		Keetham Lake	Keetham (Agra)	Delhi-Agra Road, 20 km from Agra City, Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
		Samaspur Lake	Raebarely	Samaspur Bird sanctuary
		River Sai Upstream	Raebarely	Lucknow-Kanpur Road Bridge on NH-25 Samaspur Bird sanctuary
		River Sai Downstream	Raebarely	Saipul on Lucknow- Varanasi Road Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
		River Garrah	Sandi at Hardoi	Channel goes to Sandi lake Bird sanctuary
12.	Jammu & Kashmir	Hokersar’s	Zainakote	Hokera wetland Sector 1, on NH-1A
		Narkara Nadru	Nadru	Army Airport Road By pass on the right side
		Hygam	Hygam	Right side of Srinagar-Baramulla NH-1A
		Ajas Jheel	Ajas	Adjacent to Srinagar-Bandipora road
		Wullar Lake	Haretare	Sumbal-Spore Road
		Shallabugh	Shallabugh	Ganderbal Headquarter near Jaswant Post F. Co.
		Padgampora	Pulwama, Padgampora	Avantipora-Pulwama Road on the way to Army Air Port Road near Seed Multiplication farm
		Manibugh	Pampore, Manibugh	Near Galander Village on NH-1A
		Chatlum-Lalpore	Pampore, Chatlum	Near Fish seed farm office of the Fisheries Development Assistant
		Nagin Lake	Hazarat Bal, Srinagar	Srinagar

Table 18: Highly Polluted (Class 'D') stretches of Wetland existing in Bird sanctuaries

S. No.	State	Wetland	District/Town Village	Stretch/ Bird Sanctuary	Taxa/ families of Benthic Macro-invertebrates available from Wetlands
1.	Andhra Pradesh	River Godavari Upstream	Rajahmundry, East Godavari District	Arya Puram u/s Coringa Wild Life Sanctuary	EPHEMEROPTERA/Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae CRUSTACEA/ Gammaridae
2.	Delhi-Gurgaon Border	Najafgarh Jheel	Jhatikra	1½ km upstream of Jhatikra
3.	Delhi	Najafgarh Drain	Kakrola	Kakrola Regulator Near Bridge	MOLLUSCA/ Viviparidae, Thiaridae, Planorbidae, Sphaeridae, Lymnaeidae HEMIPTERA/ Belastomatidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Nepidae, Pleidae COLEOPTERA/ Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Hygrobiidae, Psephenidae DIPTERA/Tipulidae, Culicidae, Chironomide, Ephidridae, Blepheroceridae ODONATA/ Libellulidae, Lestidae, OLIGOCHAETA/ Oligochaetes MEGALOPTERA/ Sialidae HIRUDINEA/ Glossiphonidae
			Uttam Nagar	Near Uttam Nagar Police check post
			Vikas Puri	U/s of Pankha Road Drain confluence
4.	Uttar Pradesh	Nawabganj Lake	Nawabganj in Unnao	Lucknow-Kanpur NH-25 Nawabganj Bird sanctuary
5.	Uttar Pradesh	Sandi Lake	Sandi in Hardoi	19 km on Hardoi Sandi Road Near Sandi Police Station, Sandi Bird sanctuary
6.	Jammu & Kashmir	Mirgund, Srinagar	Mirgund, near Noorbad Hyderpura	16 km from Srinagar on Srinagar-Gulmarg Road
		Panzipora	Kapore, Marhama	Srinagar-Jammu NH-1A towards left turn from Sangam Bridge
		Inner Dal Lake	Srinagar	Adjoining the city of Srinagar, Dal Kutwal upto Watpore area
		River Sindh Inner nullah	Mamer Sonamarg	Sonamarg-Srinagar Road

Table 19: Severely Polluted (Class 'E') stretches of Wetland existing in Bird Sanctuary

S. No.	State	Wetlands	District/Town/Village	Location of stretch/ Bird sanctuary	Taxa/families of Benthic Macro-invertebrate available from Wetlands
1.	Delhi	Najafgarh Drain	Delhi	D/s of Keshopuram STP outfall	No macro-invertebrates recorded.
				Basaidarapur behind I & F Control office
				Ashok Vihar Near Wazirpur Police Check Post
				Bharat Nagar
2.	Delhi	Najafgarh Drain		Bharat Nagar to confluence to River Yamuna at D/s of Wazirabad Barrage Najafgarh drain is canalized
3.	Jammu & Kashmir	Shallabugh, River Sindh d/s	Ganderbal	HQ of Shallabugh near Jaswand post F. Company on the way to Shallabugh wetland by boat	No macro invertebrates due to Sandy substratum
		River Sindh u/s	Mammar	Sonamurg-Srinagar Road

Table 20: Taxonomic Composition of Benthic Macro-invertebrate families
of Wetlands in Bird Sanctuaries

S. No.	Taxa	Biological Water Quality Classes of Wetlands
S. No.	Taxa	A	B	C	D	E
1.	EPHEMEROPTERA	Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, Baetidae	No animals	Ephemerellidae Baetidae	Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae	No Macro inverte-brates
2.	TRICHOPTERA	Leptoceridae, Goeridae, Rhyacophillidae, Polycentropodidae	No animals	No animals	No animals	No Macro inverte-brates
3.	ODONATA	Lestidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae	No animals	Lestidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae, Aeschnidae	Lestidae, Libellulidae	No Macro inverte-brates
4.	PLANARIA	Planariidae	No animals	No animals	No animals	No Macro inverte-brates
5.	MOLLUSCA	No animals	No animals	Thiaridae, Lymnaeidae, Viviparidae, Physidae, Unionidae, Planorbiidae, Bithynidae, Sphaeridae, Hydrobiidae	Viviparidae, Thiaridae, Planorbidae, Sphaeridae, Lymnaeidae	No Macro inverte-brates
6.	CRUSTACEA	No animals	No animals	Asellidae, Atydae, Gamaridae, Paleamonidae, Potamobiidae	Gammaridae	No Macro inverte-brates
7.	HEMIPTERA	No animals	No animals	Gerridae, Naucoridae, Nepidae, Belastomatidae, Pleidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Aphelocheiridae, Velidae	Belastomatidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae, Nepidae, Pleidae	No Macro inverte-brates
8.	COLEOPTERA	No animals	No animals	Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Hygrobiidae, Elminithidae	Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Hygrobiidae, Psephenidae	No Macro inverte-brates
9.	DIPTERA	Simulidae Blepharoceridae	No animals	Chironornidae, Tipulidae, Syrphidae, Simulidae	Tipulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Ephidridae, Blepharoceridae	No Macro inverte-brates
10.	HIRUDINEA	Glossiphonidae	No animals	Glossiphonidae, Erpobdellidae	Glossiphonidae	No Macro inverte-brates
11.	MEGALOPTERA	No animals	No animals	Sialidae	Sialidae	No Macro inverte-brates
12.	OLIGOCHAETA	No animals	No animals	Oligochaetes	Oligochaetes	No Macro inverte-brates
	Total families	15	0	42	27	0

S. No.	State	Wetland	District/Town/Village	Location of Stretch/Bird Sanctuary	Taxa/Families of Benthic Macro-invertebrates available from wetlands
1.	Jammu & Kashmir	Manasbal Lake	Manasbal near Kondabal	Manasbal Lake	EPHEMEROPTERA/ Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Empemerellidae, Baetidae
		River Sind upstream	Sonamarg	2-3 km upstream of Sonamarg and Leh border Thajiwas wildlife sanctuary	TRICHOPTERA/ Leptoceridae, Goeridae, Rhyacophillidae, Polycentropodidae
		Dachigam Nullah	Srinagar	Dachigam National Park	ODONATA/ Lestidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae PLANARIA/ Planariidae DIPTERA/ Simulidae, Blepharoceridae HIRUDINEA/ Glossiphonidae